Atomic structure and quantum models
Explore Schrödinger probability clouds, radial and angular nodes, shielding, Slater’s rules and orbital penetration through rotatable models.
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY • FOUNDATION • CORE • ADVANCED
Physical Chemistry
3D learning labs.
Turn equations, atomic models and measurable trends into interactive visual experiments.
TOPIC CLUSTER
Learn the branch as connected ideas.
Use the live labs to connect gas kinetics, atomic structure, effective nuclear charge, hydration, ionic mobility and stoichiometric mass balance with calculation, comparison and problem-solving skills from foundation to advanced level.
Gas laws, kinetics and molecular speeds
Explore P–V–T state changes and gas-law curves, then compare effusion, diffusion and Maxwell–Boltzmann speed distributions.
Ions, hydration and mobility
Compare bare-ion size, hydrated radius, charge density, hydration energy and motion in an electric field.
Mole concept and stoichiometry
Build mass balance visually, including oleum percentage labelling, free SO₃ and the water required for complete hydration.
LIVE SIMULATIONS
Open a focused visual lab.
LAB 23Thermochemistry
Bomb Calorimeter 3D Lab
Explore combustion in a 3D calorimeter, compare sample and water masses, and solve 20 questions with worked solutions.
LAB 05Atomic Structure
Schrödinger 3D Orbital & Node Lab
Explore probability clouds, boundary shapes and radial/angular nodes across s, p, d and f orbitals in a rotatable 3D space.
LAB 07Electrochemistry
Hydration Energy & Ionic Mobility
Watch water dipoles approach, orient and lock around an ion in a rotatable 3D hydration shell, then compare realistic hydrated-ion motion in an electric field.
LAB 12Atomic Structure
Z-Effective 3D Lab
Visualise effective nuclear charge as nuclear attraction minus shielding, apply Slater's rules across Period 2 and Group 1, and compare s, p, d and f penetration.
LAB 15Mole Concept & Stoichiometry
Oleum Labelling 3D Lab
Build the mass balance of oleum in a rotatable 3D laboratory, vary the percentage label from 100 to 122.5, run virtual hydration and practise worked Mole Concept questions.
LAB 18States of Matter & Kinetic Theory
Graham’s Law & Molecular Speeds 3D Lab
Compare effusion, diffusion and molecular-speed distributions in an interactive gas lab, then connect rate ratios with molar mass and temperature.
LAB 19States of Matter & Gas Laws
P–V–T State Space & Gas Laws 3D Lab
Explore pressure, volume, temperature and amount in a live piston model, trace gas-law curves, collect data and connect macroscopic changes with particle motion.
LAB 20States of Matter & Kinetic Theory
Maxwell–Boltzmann 3D Lab
Explore molecular motion and speed distributions in 3D. Change temperature and gas mass, compare fixed speed bands and practise 20 questions with worked solutions.
LAB 22States of Matter & Gas Laws
Barometer & Manometer 3D Lab
Measure pressure with four 3D apparatus setups. Compare liquid levels, density, gravity and gas compression, then practise 20 questions with worked solutions.
STUDENT QUESTIONS
Common questions about physical chemistry.
Which Physical Chemistry topics are available as 3D labs?
Current labs cover P–V–T gas laws, gas kinetics and Graham’s law, atomic orbitals and nodes, effective nuclear charge, hydration energy, ionic mobility and oleum mass balance. Each lab links the visual model with foundation-to-advanced reasoning.
Can I use these labs for numerical problem solving?
Yes. The labs are designed to connect the visual relationship with formulas, comparisons and worked step-by-step reasoning, while keeping the simulation as the main learning tool.
Do Physical Chemistry labs require a download?
No. Every lab opens directly in the browser for individual personal study; no simulation download is required or offered.
LEVELLED CONCEPT PRACTICE